The Whole Tone Scale Used by Impressionist Composers: A Detailed Exploration

The whole tone scale, a musical scale consisting of six notes evenly spaced, has played a significant role in the compositions of impressionist composers. This scale, with its unique characteristics, has been a source of inspiration for many composers, including Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel. In this article, we will delve into the origins of the whole tone scale, its influence on impressionist music, and its various applications.

Origins of the Whole Tone Scale

The whole tone scale has its roots in ancient music theory. It was first mentioned in the writings of the Greek philosopher Pythagoras, who believed that the whole tone was the most consonant interval. Over time, the scale was adopted by various musical traditions, including the Middle Eastern maqam and the Indian ragas.

Influence on Impressionist Music

The impressionist composers, who flourished in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, were drawn to the whole tone scale for its ethereal and dreamlike qualities. This scale’s lack of a clear tonal center allowed composers to create music that was more abstract and emotional.

Composer	Composition	Whole Tone Scale Usage
Claude Debussy	Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun	The scale is used throughout the piece, creating a sense of mystery and otherworldliness.
Maurice Ravel	Daphnis et Chlo茅	The scale is employed in various sections of the ballet, contributing to its dreamlike atmosphere.
Paul Dukas	The Sorcerer’s Apprentice	The scale is used in the famous “Bach” section, adding a sense of tension and unpredictability.

The use of the whole tone scale in impressionist music has had a lasting impact on the development of modern music. It has influenced composers from various genres, including jazz, rock, and contemporary classical music.

Applications of the Whole Tone Scale

The whole tone scale can be applied in various ways within a composition. Here are some common techniques:

Whole Tone Progressions: Composers can create a sense of tension and release by using whole tone progressions. For example, moving from C whole tone to D whole tone creates a dissonant interval that resolves to a consonant interval when moving to E whole tone.
Whole Tone Inversions: By inverting the notes of the whole tone scale, composers can create a more complex and harmonically rich texture.
Whole Tone Arpeggios: Using whole tone arpeggios can add a sense of movement and interest to a piece.

In conclusion, the whole tone scale has been a significant influence on the music of impressionist composers. Its unique characteristics have allowed these composers to create music that is both ethereal and emotionally charged. By exploring the origins, influence, and applications of the whole tone scale, we can gain a deeper understanding of the music of impressionist composers and its impact on modern music.